Foundations on clay: the biggest variable in the budget
On the clay ground common through this area, foundations are the element most likely to move the cost of an extension away from the estimate, and the reason is that the required depth is not knowable by inspection. Clay changes volume with moisture content, so foundations have to reach a depth where seasonal variation is negligible, and that depth increases substantially near trees, which draw moisture out of the soil across a wide radius. The relevant considerations are the species and mature height of any tree within influencing distance, its distance from the proposed foundation, and whether any large tree has been removed in recent years — because ground that has been dried by a tree for decades can heave for a long time after it goes, which is a different and sometimes more damaging problem than shrinkage. Where a public sewer also runs nearby, the build-over requirements interact with the depth question and can push the design towards a reinforced raft or a piled solution. None of this is exotic and all of it is manageable, but it is why we commission a site investigation at feasibility rather than after a builder has priced on standard assumptions. It converts the largest open contingency in the project into a line in the budget.